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- <text id=89TT3132>
- <link 90TT2586>
- <link 89TT3186>
- <title>
- Nov. 27, 1989: "A Legal Bank Robbery"
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Nov. 27, 1989 Art And Money
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NATION, Page 29
- "A Legal Bank Robbery"
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>While an S&L was looted, the federal watchdog stood by
- </p>
- <p>By Margaret Carlson
- </p>
- <p> At first nobody noticed how much had disappeared because
- heists in high places occur without ski masks or guns. But now
- the House Banking Committee, the thousands of duped bondholders
- and the public have caught on: to the empty vault at
- California's Lincoln Savings and Loan, to the perfidy of its
- owner Charles Keating and to the complicity of the Government.
- Says Banking Committee member Jim Leach of Iowa: "Keating is at
- fault because he is a bank robber, but we in Washington made it,
- in part, a legal bank robbery."
- </p>
- <p> Keating, the Phoenix businessman who is accused of using
- Lincoln as a private casino, is emblematic of the nation's $300
- billion-plus S&L disaster. But he has no dearth of accomplices.
- There are the so-called Keating Five--Senators Dennis
- DeConcini and John McCain of Arizona, John Glenn of Ohio, Donald
- Riegle of Michigan and Alan Cranston of California--who
- received $1.3 million in contributions from Keating and went to
- bat for him against federal regulators. The five sank deeper
- into trouble last week when the Senate ethics committee
- appointed outside counsel to investigate. The FBI also expanded
- its Keating probe to include questions about the Senators'
- involvement.
- </p>
- <p> Riegle, meanwhile, had to confess to several meetings with
- Keating that he forgot to tell the Senate ethics committee
- about until it came out in congressional testimony. One was a
- helicopter tour of Keating's real estate empire in 1987.
- Cranston's political future darkened during congressional
- hearings last week when some of his California constituents
- blamed "Cranston's corruption" for the loss of their savings.
- </p>
- <p> Last week the spotlight also fell on M. Danny Wall, picked
- by the White House in July 1987 to replace Edwin Gray as
- chairman of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Gray, a onetime
- captive of the savings and loan industry, lost his job when he
- began to speak out about the extent of the S&L fraud.
- </p>
- <p> In 1988 Wall removed the Lincoln investigation from the
- bank board's San Francisco office to Washington, postponing the
- closing of the savings and loan by two years. That delay will
- add $1.3 billion to the taxpayers' cost of repaying depositors
- and unloading Lincoln's washed-out investments. "My
- responsibility was to see that this was not a lynch mob after
- Keating," Wall explained to TIME last week. "The San Francisco
- office has a history of being hysterical, overzealous, swept
- away by smoke where there is no gun." Yet Wall's Washington
- audit eventually confirmed San Francisco's warning to the
- Senators that Lincoln was a "ticking time bomb." Wall's auditors
- discovered a whole ticking arsenal, in fact, but not for two
- long years.
- </p>
- <p> Unlike the Senators who seek campaign contributions from
- the likes of Keating, Wall had nothing to gain but the continued
- esteem of the thrift industry for his consistently low estimates
- of the extent of the savings and loan debacle. He is a stolid
- former city planner from Salt Lake City whose only extravagance
- seems to be his natty suits and monogrammed shirts. As the top
- aide to Republican Senator Jake Garn of Utah when Garn was
- chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, Wall became a favorite
- of S&L owners. Says Senator Leach of Wall's 1987 appointment:
- "The industry got to choose outright its regulator."
- </p>
- <p> As staff director of the Banking Committee in 1981, Wall
- drafted the industry's dream deregulation bill, the Garn-St.
- Germain Act. That law created a new breed of thrift operator.
- In came highflyers like Keating who shifted their depositors'
- money (now insured for $100,000 instead of $40,000) from
- unexciting residential mortgages to potentially more lucrative
- but indisputably riskier shopping malls, resort developments,
- energy-generating windmills. The new breed awarded themselves
- seven-digit salaries, private jets, hunting preserves and
- yachts on which to entertain members of Congress. Keating and
- his associates took $21 million from Lincoln even as it was
- heading into receivership. Named head of the Office of Thrift
- Supervision in August, Wall now directs the agency established
- to solve the problems Garn-St. Germain helped create.
- </p>
- <p> Wall will defend himself this week before the House Banking
- Committee. But its chairman, Henry Gonzalez, has already called
- for his resignation. Last week even George Bush left Wall to
- twist in the wind: "If part of the savings and loan problem
- proves to be management or regulation people that aren't
- aggressive enough, would (I) make a change?...The answer is
- yes."
- </p>
- <p> "Bush is a lawyer, so he knows I'm innocent until proven
- guilty," Wall replies. He is wrong, of course: Bush is not a
- lawyer, and Wall, although he seems to lack the venality of
- other players in the Keating affair, is not innocent. Like a
- number of other legislators and Government officials, Wall paid
- more attention to cosseting the people he regulated than to
- safeguarding the depositors and taxpayers who depended on his
- vigilance. Although Wall says he now sees Keating's "half-truths
- and obfuscations," more than a billion was lost while he
- dithered over closing the vault.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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